लग्रान्ज बहुपद परिभाषा उदाहरण दिक्चालन सूची

बहुपद


संख्यात्मक विश्लेषणअंतर्वेशी बहुपद




लग्रान्ज बहुपदों (Lagrange polynomials) का उपयोग संख्यात्मक विश्लेषण (numerical analysis) में होता है।



परिभाषा


माना k + 1 बिन्दुओं का निम्नलिखित समुच्चय दिया हुआ है


(x0,y0),…,(xk,yk)displaystyle (x_0,y_0),ldots ,(x_k,y_k)

जहाँ सभी xj एक दूसरे से भिन्न हैं, तो निम्नलिखित अंतर्वेशी बहुपद (interpolating polynomial) लग्रानज बहुपद कहलाता है-


L(x)=∑j=0kyjℓj(x)displaystyle L(x)=sum _j=0^ky_jell _j(x)

जहाँ आधार बहुपद निम्नलिखित है-


ℓj(x)=∏i=0,i≠jkx−xixj−xi=x−x0xj−x0⋯x−xj−1xj−xj−1x−xj+1xj−xj+1⋯x−xkxj−xkdisplaystyle ell _j(x)=prod _i=0,,ineq j^kfrac x-x_ix_j-x_i=frac x-x_0x_j-x_0cdots frac x-x_j-1x_j-x_j-1frac x-x_j+1x_j-x_j+1cdots frac x-x_kx_j-x_k


उदाहरण




tan y का अन्तर्वेशन


माना फलन f(x)=tan⁡(x)displaystyle f(x)=tan(x) पर कुछ बिन्दु लेते हैं,












x0=−1.5displaystyle x_0=-1.5
f(x0)=−14.1014displaystyle f(x_0)=-14.1014
x1=−0.75displaystyle x_1=-0.75
f(x1)=−0.931596displaystyle f(x_1)=-0.931596
x2=0displaystyle x_2=0
f(x2)=0displaystyle f(x_2)=0
x3=0.75displaystyle x_3=0.75
f(x3)=0.931596displaystyle f(x_3)=0.931596
x4=1.5displaystyle x_4=1.5
f(x4)=14.1014displaystyle f(x_4)=14.1014

इन ५ बिन्दुओं के लिये अन्तर्वेशन बहुपद ४ घात का होगा।


आधार बहुपद निम्नलिखित हैं-



ℓ0(x)=x−x1x0−x1⋅x−x2x0−x2⋅x−x3x0−x3⋅x−x4x0−x4=1243x(2x−3)(4x−3)(4x+3)displaystyle ell _0(x)=x-x_1 over x_0-x_1cdot x-x_2 over x_0-x_2cdot x-x_3 over x_0-x_3cdot x-x_4 over x_0-x_4=1 over 243x(2x-3)(4x-3)(4x+3)

ℓ1(x)=x−x0x1−x0⋅x−x2x1−x2⋅x−x3x1−x3⋅x−x4x1−x4=−8243x(2x−3)(2x+3)(4x−3)displaystyle ell _1(x)=x-x_0 over x_1-x_0cdot x-x_2 over x_1-x_2cdot x-x_3 over x_1-x_3cdot x-x_4 over x_1-x_4=-8 over 243x(2x-3)(2x+3)(4x-3)

ℓ2(x)=x−x0x2−x0⋅x−x1x2−x1⋅x−x3x2−x3⋅x−x4x2−x4=1243(243−540x2+192x4)displaystyle ell _2(x)=x-x_0 over x_2-x_0cdot x-x_1 over x_2-x_1cdot x-x_3 over x_2-x_3cdot x-x_4 over x_2-x_4=1 over 243(243-540x^2+192x^4)

ℓ3(x)=x−x0x3−x0⋅x−x1x3−x1⋅x−x2x3−x2⋅x−x4x3−x4=−8243x(2x−3)(2x+3)(4x+3)displaystyle ell _3(x)=x-x_0 over x_3-x_0cdot x-x_1 over x_3-x_1cdot x-x_2 over x_3-x_2cdot x-x_4 over x_3-x_4=-8 over 243x(2x-3)(2x+3)(4x+3)

ℓ4(x)=x−x0x4−x0⋅x−x1x4−x1⋅x−x2x4−x2⋅x−x3x4−x3=1243x(2x+3)(4x−3)(4x+3)displaystyle ell _4(x)=x-x_0 over x_4-x_0cdot x-x_1 over x_4-x_1cdot x-x_2 over x_4-x_2cdot x-x_3 over x_4-x_3=1 over 243x(2x+3)(4x-3)(4x+3)

इस प्रकार, निम्नलिखित अन्तर्वेशन बहुपद प्राप्त होता है-



1243(f(x0)x(2x−3)(4x−3)(4x+3)−8f(x1)x(2x−3)(2x+3)(4x−3)displaystyle 1 over 243Big (f(x_0)x(2x-3)(4x-3)(4x+3)-8f(x_1)x(2x-3)(2x+3)(4x-3)
+f(x2)(243−540x2+192x4)−8f(x3)x(2x−3)(2x+3)(4x+3)displaystyle +f(x_2)(243-540x^2+192x^4)-8f(x_3)x(2x-3)(2x+3)(4x+3),

+f(x4)x(2x+3)(4x−3)(4x+3))displaystyle +f(x_4)x(2x+3)(4x-3)(4x+3)Big ),


=−1.47748x+4.83456x3.displaystyle =-1.47748x+4.83456x^3.,


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